Tratamiento psicológico aplicado a niños con encopresis

RESUMEN Introducción: La encopresis infantil es la defecación involuntaria en el niño, sin causa orgánica que lo justifique. Puede originarse por una incontinencia fisiológica, aparecer después de la adquisición del control de esfínter o consistir en la deposición deliberada de heces en lugares inadecuados existiendo un control de esfínter normal. Es un trastorno con repercusión psicológica de particular importancia en la vida del niño y familia. Objetivos: Describir el tratamiento psicológico aplicado a niños con encopresis. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con enfoque cualitativo que se desarrolló en el Hospital Pediátrico Provincial "Eduardo Agramonte Piña" de la Ciudad de Camagüey, en la consulta externa de psicología de dicho centro, en el período comprendido entre mayo 2019 y enero de 2020. Resultados: Las áreas de conflictos fundamentales para el niño con encopresis fueron la familiar, la individual y la escolar. Destacan como conflictos primordiales, el divorcio mal manejado por los padres: 38,4 % de los niños, la demanda de afecto de la figura materna: 30,7 % y las dificultades con los estudios: 26,9 % de los menores. Conclusiones: El tratamiento psicológico consiste en la realización de acciones terapéuticas para desarrollar el hábito eliminatorio en el niño, en intervenciones con los padres para el tratamiento adecuado de la separación, comunicación positiva con el niño y fomento de su independencia según la etapa de la vida. Se enfatiza en la búsqueda de estilos educativos adecuados y atención a las dificultades escolares.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Children encopresis is involuntary defecation of the child, without organic cause that justifies it. It can be caused by physiological incontinence, and appear after the acquisition of sphincter control or being the deliberate deposition of feces in inappropriate places with normal sphincter control. It is a disorder with a psychological impact of particular importance in the life of the child and family. Objectives: Describe the psychological treatment applied to children with encopresis. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach was carried out at "Eduardo Agramonte Piña" Provincial Pediatric Hospital in the city of Camaguey, in the psychology outpatient clinic of the center, in the period from May 2019 to January 2020. Results: The areas of fundamental conflict for the child with encopresis were the family area, the individua areal and the school area. Divorce mismanaged by parents (38.4%), the demand for affection of the mother figure (30.7%) and difficulties with studies (26.9%) stands out as primary conflicts. Conclusions: Psychological treatment consists of carrying out therapeutic actions to develop the elimination of feces habit in the child, in interventions with the parents for the adequate treatment of separation, positive communication with the child and promotion of their independence according to the stage of life. Emphasis is placed on the search for appropriate educational styles and attention to school difficulties.

Does psychological therapy improve the mental health of people with borderline personality disorder and substance abuse disorder? / ¿Mejora la terapia psicológica la salud mental de las personas con trastorno límite de la personalidad y trastorno por abuso de sustancias? Una revisión sistemática

Abstract Introduction: People with comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) and substance abuse disorder (SUD) show great affectation and poorer treatment outcomes. Objective: The aim was to examine useful psychological treatments for people with co-morbid BPD and SUD. Method: The Cochrane Library, ISOC, Psychodoc, ProQuest Central, Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were consulted using a systematic literature review following PRISMA standards. A 185 articles were obtained, of which 12 were selected taking into account the inclusion criteria. The process was carried out by two independent evaluators and the level of agreement was excellent. Results: there are a variety of therapeutic options that, in general, improve the symptoms associated with BPD but not with SUD. Conclusion: more research is needed to evaluate the usefulness of psychological therapies in these patients.

Resumen Introducción: Las personas con trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP) y trastorno por uso y abuso de sustancias (TUS) muestran una gran afectación emocional y peores resultados en el tratamiento psicológico. Objetivo: El objetivo fue examinar los tratamientos psicológicos útiles para las personas con TLP y TUS. Método: Se consultaron las bases de datos Cochrane Library, ISOC, Psychodoc, ProQuest Central, Pubmed, Web of Science y Scopus mediante una revisión bibliográfica sistemática siguiendo las normas PRISMA. Se obtuvieron 185 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 12 teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusión. El proceso fue realizado por dos evaluadoras independientes y el nivel de acuerdo fue excelente. Resultados: existe una variedad de opciones terapéuticas que, en general, mejoran los síntomas asociados al TLP pero no al TUS. Conclusión: se necesita más investigación para evaluar la utilidad de las terapias psicológicas en estos pacientes.

Psychological home care for type II schizencephaly: technical and theoretical aspects / Atenção psicológica domiciliar com esquizencefalia tipo II: aspectos técnicos e teóricos

Schizencephaly is an extremely rare developmental birth defect or malformation characterized by abnormal clefts in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, extending from the cortex to the ventricles, which may be unilateral or bilateral. This case report describes the general characteristics of a psychological home care program, reporting the main theoretical and technical elements in a 12-years-old case of type II Schizencephaly. The aims of the psychological home treatment were acceptance of the new treatment reality, a reduction in aggression and anxiety, and psychological support for the patient and family. In the psychological home care, patient's awareness of illness was developed, along with family orientation, psychoeducation, relaxation techniques, and cognitive distraction. It can be observed that a significant improvement in the affective and emotional state was achieved within the patient's clinical framework.

A esquizencefalia é um defeito ou malformação congênita do desenvolvimento extremamente raro, caracterizado por fendas anormais nos hemisférios cerebrais, estendendo-se do córtex aos ventrículos, que podem ser unilaterais ou bilaterais. Este relato de caso descreve as características gerais de um programa de atenção psicológica domiciliar, relatando os principais elementos teóricos e técnicos de um paciente de 12 anos de idade com esquizencefalia tipo II. Os objetivos do tratamento psicológico domiciliar eram a aceitação da nova realidade do tratamento, a redução da agressividade e da ansiedade e o apoio psicológico ao paciente e à família. No atendimento psicológico domiciliar, a consciência do paciente sobre a doença foi desenvolvida, juntamente com a orientação familiar, psicoeducação, técnicas de relaxamento e distração cognitiva. Pode-se observar que houve melhora significativa do estado afetivo e emocional no quadro clínico do paciente.

Intervenções psicológicas em contexto prisional: Revisão sistemática / Psychological interventions in prison context: Systematic review

Intervenções psicológicas em contexto prisional fazem parte do sistema de garantia de direitos. A partir de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, buscou-se mapear as publicações sobre intervenções psicológicas no contexto prisional, em nível mundial. Seguindo as recomendações do PRISMA, em busca nas bases do EBSCOhost e no Portal de Periódicos CAPES, com os descritores "psychological treatment" OR "psychological intervention" AND prison*, foram localizados 24 artigos, nenhum nacional. Os artigos versam sobre intervenções breves, em grupo e com foco na diminuição de reincidência (especialmente, crimes sexuais e violência de gênero), na diminuição de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e de uso de substâncias. Reflete-se sobre como estas experiências podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de práticas no sistema prisional brasileiro, considerando as especificidades e vulnerabilidades do contexto e a importância delas para promoção e prevenção em saúde.

Psychological interventions in the prison context are part system of the rights protection. From a systematic review of the literature, we sought to map worldwide publications on psychological interventions in the prison context. Following the recommendations of PRISMA, in the basis of EBSCOhost and the Portal de Periódicos CAPES, with descriptors such as "psychological treatment" OR "psychological intervention" AND prison*, 24 articles were found, none national. The articles deal with short and in group interventions, focused on decreasing the recidivism (especially sexual and gender violence related crimes), decreasing anxiety, depression and drug use related symptoms. We have thought about how these experiences might assist the development of practices in the Brazilian prison system, considering the specificities and vulnerabilities of this context and the importance of these practices to promote and prevent events related to health.

Tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en la práctica clínica habitual: Estudio retrospectivo / Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in clinical practice. A retrospective study

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo complejo y heterogéneo, de carácter crónico, de etiología multifactorial, principalmente debida a factores genéticos y ambientales. Realizamos un estudio analítico retrospectivo del tratamiento de niños diagnosticados de TDAH. Se estudió una muestra de 82 niños diagnosticados de TDAH (74.4% niños y 25.6% niñas). El 96.3% de los casos presentaba algún trastorno asociado. El tratamiento farmacológico fue el tratamiento de elección (90.2%). El 46.0% recibía metilfenidato de liberación inmediata, un 51.4% metilfenidato de liberación sostenida y la atomoxetina solo se recetó en un 2.7% de los casos. El 20.3% de la muestra abandonó en algún momento el tratamiento farmacológico. El tratamiento farmacológico fue la opción más utilizada en nuestra muestra, y el metilfenidato de liberación inmediata el fármaco de elección para inicio del tratamiento. Se utilizan poco las alternativas a los estimulantes. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el tipo de tratamiento y el subtipo de TDAH o el género, aunque sí en cuanto a la edad de inicio del tratamiento.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder, of a chronic nature, of multifactorial etiology, mainly due to genetic and environmental factors. We conducted a retrospective analytical study of the t herapeutic management of children diagnosed with ADHD. A sample of 82 children diagnosed with ADHD (74.4% children and 25.6% girls) was studied. 96.3% of the cases presented some associated disorder. Pharmacological treatment was the treatment of choice (90.2%). 46.0% received immediate release methylphenidate, 51.4% sustained release methylphenidate and atomoxetine was only prescribed in 2.7% of patients. 20.3% of the sample abandoned pharmacological treatment at some point. Pharmacological treatment was the most frequent option in our sample, and methylphenidate immediate release the drug of choice for treatment initiation. The alternatives to stimulants are used in very low percentage of the patient. No significant differences were found between the type of treatment regarding the subtype of ADHD or gender, but we found significant difference in relation with the age of onset of treatment.

Smoking cessation treatments: current psychological and pharmacological options

Abstract Background Smoking is considered an epidemic, indeed, one of the most important public health problems worldwide. It is also the most significant preventable cause of death, of a high number of premature deaths, and avoidable chronic diseases. It is considered an enormous economic burden for the world. Objective To provide an overview of smoking-cessation treatments, including pharmacological and psychological options, and to gather current scientific evidence available on them. Methods Research included reviewing publications from 2007-2018 in four databases using algorithms related to bupropion, varenicline, nicotine replacement therapy, smoking cessation, psychological treatment, motivational interview, cognitive-behavioral therapy and clinical guidelines for smoking treatment. Meta-analyses or systematic reviews and randomized or quasi-randomized trials were selected. We also included clinical guidelines for smoking treatment from Mexico and other countries. Results After refining the search, 37 articles met the criteria and were included in the review. The results were grouped by type of intervention. Conclusions It is necessary to conduct research on combinations of both kinds of treatment with an integral, multidisciplinary vision. Current standard for smoking cessation is a combined psychological and pharmacological treatment.

The outcomes of psychotherapy in mixed features personality disorders: a systematic review

Abstract Mixed features personality disorders (PDs) are highly prevalent and associated with significant burden of disease. Despite that, it has been an overlooked diagnostic category with respect to clinical research. This study aims to review empirical evidence about psychotherapy delivery available for these patients. We present a systematic review of clinical trials investigating the outcomes of psychotherapeutic interventions in adults with a primary diagnosis of mixed features PDs. Data were obtained from Medline/PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO. Seven studies met inclusion criteria; in one of them the whole sample was of this diagnostic group; two studies analysed psychotherapeutic intervention outcomes in this population, among other types of PDs, yet drawing specific conclusions on mixed features PDs patients; remaining studies addressed patient samples with different PDs types, mixed features included, where specific findings in this group of patients were not described - nonetheless, they included representative numbers of subjects with the diagnosis of interest. Available studies suggest that mixed features personality pathology per se does not seem to be an impediment to benefit from psychotherapeutic treatment, and improvement in different areas of life is possible for patients undergoing psychotherapy. The extant literature is marked by multiple challenges and inconsistencies across studies.

Elementos relevantes en la intervención terapéutica de jóvenes que cometen infracciones sexuales: la percepción de adolescentes chilenos egresados de un programa especializado / Relevant elements in the therapeutic intervention of young people who have committed sexual offences: perception of the Chilean adolescents emerging from a specialized program / Elementos relevantes na intervenção terapêutica de jovens que cometem infrações sexuais: a percepção de adolescentes chilenos egressos de um programa especializado

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación es estudiar la percepción de jóvenes chilenos egresados de un programa dirigido a adolescentes que cometen actos sexualmente abusivos. En el estudio se aplicó una metodología de tipo cualitativa, utilizando como instrumentos de producción de información la entrevista semi-estructurada y la revisión documental de fichas clínicas. El análisis se realizó mediante la técnica de la Teoría Fundamentada. Los resultados alcanzados apuntan a la importancia en la especialización de las metodologías y técnicas aplicadas, tanto en la evaluación diagnóstica como en el proceso terapéutico. Se observó también la relevancia que tiene la figura del terapeuta como elemento facilitador del éxito en la intervención, y la imperativa necesidad de perfeccionamiento en las técnicas para abordar los contenidos asociados al reconocimiento y responsabilización del hecho abusivo. Finalmente, se concluye la necesidad de mayor investigación sobre las distintas trayectorias de adolescentes que cometen delitos sexuales, a modo de generar terapias con mayor nivel de especialización.

Abstract The objective of this investigation is to study the perception of young Chilean people; they are emerging from a program addressed to adolescents who have committed sexually abusive acts. This study implements a qualitative methodology; semi-structured interview and medical records document review were used as information production instruments. The analysis was conducted by means of the grounded theory technique. The achieved results point to the importance in the specialization of methodologies and applied techniques, in both the diagnostic evaluation and the therapeutic process. It was observed the relevance of the therapist figure as a facilitator element of the success in the intervention; and also the imperious necessity of enhancing the techniques to approach the contents associated with the recognition and accountability of the abusive act. Finally, this concludes that further research is required with regard to the different trajectories of adolescents who have committed sexual offences, so therapies with a higher level of specialization to be generated.

Resumo O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar a percepção dos jovens chilenos egressos de um programa dirigido a adolescentes que cometem atos sexualmente abusivos. No estudo foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa, usando como instrumentos para a coleta de dados a entrevista semiestruturada e a revisão documental de fichas clínicas. A análise realizou-se por meio da técnica de teoria fundamentada. Os resultados obtidos apontam a importância da especialização das metodologias e técnicas aplicadas, tanto na avaliação diagnóstica quanto no processo terapêutico. Observaram-se também a relevância da figura do terapeuta como facilitador para o sucesso da intervenção e a imperativa necessidade de aperfeiçoamento das técnicas para a abordagem dos conteúdos associados ao reconhecimento e responsabilização do ato abusivo. Finalmente, concluise que é necessária uma pesquisa mais ampla acerca das distintas trajetórias de adolescentes que cometem delitos sexuais, de modo que sejam fomentadas terapias com maior nível de especialização.

Effective therapies for the treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder: A qualitative systematic review / Terapias eficaces para el tratamiento de estrés postraumático complejo: Una revisión sistemática cualitativa

Abstract: Background: Current literature shows that posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms differ. Although the psychological treatments available for posttraumatic disorder are well established, little is known about the effectiveness of those aimed at the treatment of complex posttraumatic stress. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of psychological treatments for complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Method: A systematic qualitative search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, searching four psychological and health electronic databases: Medline, Pilots, PsycINFO, and Pubmed. Three reviewers independently selected the studies in two phases: preselection (criteria for complex posttraumatic stress disorder, replicable psychological treatment, and treatment effect) and selection (additional criteria: type of study, participants, and treatment). Results: Of the 615 studies reviewed, 25 were preselected, eight of which met the inclusion and methodological quality criteria. Five studies explored adult populations (with one exception, all were randomized clinical trials) and three child populations (clinical studies with pre- post-treatment design, with and without control group). Most studies with adult populations included psychoeducation, cognitive restructuration, and exposure therapy. The studies with child samples included EMDR and mindfulness as the most frequent treatment components. Discussion and conclusion: The evidence was insufficient to determine the most effective treatment. More research on this issue is required.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La literatura actual muestra una diferenciación entre los síntomas de trastorno por estrés postraumático y estrés postraumático complejo (TEPTC). Si bien los tratamientos psicológicos para el primer tipo de sintomatología están claramente establecidos, son menos conocidas las intervenciones para el TEPTC. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia de las terapias psicológicas para reducir los síntomas del TEPTC. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática cualitativa basada en la guía de publicación PRISMA. Se usaron cuatro bases de datos: Medline, Pilots, Psycinfo y Pubmed. Con base en criterios previamente definidos, tres revisores independientes eligieron los trabajos en dos fases: preselección (criterios para TEPTC, tratamiento psicológico replicable, datos sobre efectos) y selección (considerando tres criterios adicionales: tipo de estudio, de participantes y de intervención). Resultados: De los 615 encontrados, se preseleccionó un total de 25 artículos para revisión de texto completo, de los cuales se seleccionaron un total de ocho. Cinco trabajos incluyeron población adulta (a excepción de un estudio, todos eran ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados) y el resto infantil (diseño pre-post-tratamiento, con o sin grupo control). Mayoritariamente, los componentes de los tratamientos para adultos fueron: psicoeducación, reestructuración cognitiva y exposición. Los estudios con muestras infantiles incluyeron técnicas más heterogéneas, si bien el uso del EMDR y mindfulness fueron comunes a dos de las intervenciones. Discusión y conclusión: Dada la escasez de estudios encontrados y los problemas de control metodológico, no es posible destacar un tratamiento de elección para el TEPCT con eficacia superior al resto. Se requiere de más investigación en este ámbito.

Current psychological therapeutic approaches for gambling disorder with psychiatric comorbidities: A narrative review / Tratamientos psicológicos actuales para el trastorno del juego c on comorbilidad psiquiátrica: una revisión narrativa

Abstract: Background: Although the presence of a gambling disorder (GD) together with another mental disorder poses special treatment challenges, such as relapses, severe outcomes for patients and families, and increased number of hospitalizations, there are only a few critical reviews in the literature. Objective: To review empirical evidence of psychological approaches to cope specifically with these dual disorders. Method: A narrative review of the relevant bibliography on this topic was carried out. A systematic search of original articles (2010-October 2017) was conducted in MEDLINE and PsycInfo. Key terms were: 1. gambling/gamblers, 2. treatment/intervention/therapy/therapeutics, and 3. dual diagnosis/comorbidity. Results: Current treatment for GD involves a number of different options, including inpatient treatments, intensive outpatient therapy, individual and group cognitive-behavioral options (CBT), self-help groups, and pharmacotherapy. Inpatient care is generally limited to patients with severe acute crises, treatment failures, and severe comorbid disorders, particularly depression and attempted suicide. Treatment for GD with other mental disorder needs more research. CBT, motivational enhancement therapy and self-help groups have some empirical support when GD is comorbid with other addiction, mood disorder, or schizophrenia. Programs that combine pharmacotherapy and psychosocial treatments for GD into a single comprehensive package are most likely to have good treatment outcomes, at least with regard to treatment retention. Discussion and conclusion: Interventions should be tailored to the needs of the patients. Future research should be concerned about the statistical power of the studies, implement motivational strategies for patients with poor medication adherence, and design measures to study treatment fidelity in the CBT groups.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La presencia comórbida del juego patológico (JP) con otro trastorno mental plantea diversos desafíos al tratamiento, como las recaídas, las repercusiones negativas para los pacientes y sus familias y un mayor número de hospitalizaciones. Objetivo: Revisar la evidencia empírica existente sobre el papel que cumplen las terapias psicológicas en el tratamiento de estos trastornos duales. Método: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la bibliografía relevante sobre este tema. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática de artículos originales (2010-octubre 2017) en MEDLINE y PsycInfo con las palabras clave: 1. gambling or gamblers, 2. Treatment, intervention, therapy or therapeutics, y 3. dual diagnosis or comorbidity. Resultados: Hay diversas terapias para el JP: tratamiento hospitalario, terapia intensiva ambulatoria, terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC) individual y en grupo, Jugadores Anónimos y farmacoterapia. La hospitalización se limita a los pacientes con una crisis aguda, fracasos terapéuticos previos y trastornos comórbidos graves, como la depresión y los intentos de suicidio. El tratamiento para el JP comórbido con otro trastorno (depresión, abuso de sustancias o esquizofrenia) requiere más investigación. Las terapias más efectivas en estos casos son al parecer la TCC, la entrevista motivacional y los grupos de autoayuda. Los programas que combinan farmacoterapia con tratamientos psicológicos parecen aumentar la retención del tratamiento. Discusión y conclusión: La intervención debe adaptarse a las necesidades específicas de cada paciente y la investigación debe mejorar las estrategias motivacionales cuando los pacientes muestran una deficiente adherencia a la medicación, así como diseñar medidas para mejorar la fidelidad al tratamiento psicológico.

Investigation and analysis of the working status and development situation of psychotherapy in psychiatric hospitals / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To understand the current situation of psychotherapy applied and relevant personnel's working in psychiatric hospitals, and provide advice to facilitate and promote the integrated service team building of domestic mental health institutions and the industry development of psychological treatment. Methods·Ninety-six psychiatric hospitals in China were selected and self-compiled questionnaire was used during the investigation. The actual feedback was collected from 52 hospitals in 25 provinces. Results·① According to the classification criteria of ICD-10 mental disorder, patients mainly suffered from schizophrenia, schizotypal disorder and delusional disorder, followed by affective disorder, in the psychiatric hospitals. ② There were 50 (96.2％) hospitals with psychological outpatient clinics, and 37 (71.2％) hospitals were equipped with mental wards. ③ The main types of patients who came to the psychology department in the psychiatric hospitals were emotional disorders, neurosis, stress-related and physical form disorders. ④ The composition of psychotherapists was 6 physicians, 2 clinical psychologists, and 1 nurse. ⑤ The top five psychotherapy techniques used by the psychiatric hospitals were cognitive therapy, supportive psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, group therapy, and family therapy. ⑥ 44.2％ of the practitioners working in this filed thought that the income had been too low if they only engaged in psychological treatment. Conclusion·In the staffing of mental health agency, compared to previous studies, the number of the psychology specialists increases, but it still makes up a small percentage, which does not match the needs of outpatient and ward patients. Psychological practitioners who rely on psychological treatment alone are in a lower income, and the gap between the expected income and actual income is too large. Government, health administration departments and hospitals should provide more support to psychological services and promote the development of institutions and personnel.

Hombres violentos contra la pareja: ¿tienen un trastorno mental y requieren tratamiento psicológico? / Male batterers: are they mentally ill and are they needed of psychological treatment?

Hay muchas razones por las que los hombres maltratadores contra la pareja deben recibir tratamiento psicológico. En este artículo se analizan los transtornos más relevantes, tales como el abuso de alcohol/drogas, los celos patológicos y los transtornos de personalidad (antisocial, límite, narcisista y paranoide), así como los déficits psicológicos de estas personas, tales como el descontrol de la ira, las dificultades emocionales, las distorsiones cognitivas, la baja autoestima y los déficits de comunicación y de solución de problemas. Se describen las tipologías de hombres maltratadores más relevantes y se señala su importancia para la planificación del tratamiento individualizado. La inclusión de medidas penales y de tratamiento psicológico es posible. Se analiza la motivación para el tratamiento y se señalan las principales vías de intervención terapéutica, así como los resultados obtenidos. Por último, se comentan las líneas de investigación más urgentes para el futuro.

There are many reasons why men who batter should be psychologically treated. In this paper the most relevant mental disorders, such as substance use disorder, pathological jealousy, and antisocial, borderline, narcissistic and paranoid personality disorders, and psychological deficits of batterer men, such as anger, emotional difficulties, cognitive distortions, low self-esteem and deficits in social skills and problem solving, are analyzed. Male domestic violence offender typologies according to the most relevant classifications are commented. The role of these typologies for treatment is pointed out. An analysis of how to combine court intervention and psychological treatment to rehabilitate abusive men is also carried out. Motivational enhancement strategies and effective therapy for men who batter are discussed. Finally, the future perspectives and the most relevant goals of research are commented on.

Orientação psicológica on-line: percepção dos profissionais sobre a relação com os clientes / Online psychological counseling: the perception of professionals about the relationship with clients / Orientación psicológica online: percepción de los profesionales sobre la relación con los clientes

Os atendimentos psicológicos pela internet são uma prática recente, que vem recebendo crescente atenção de profissionais e pesquisadores. Há poucos estudos sobre o tema no Brasil, sendo necessário investigá-lo e compreendê-lo. A resolução 012/2005 do Conselho Federal de Psicologia regulamenta os serviços psicológicos mediados por computador, entre os quais destaca-se a orientação psicológica on-line. O presente estudo, de delineamento qualitativo e exploratório, teve por objetivo investigar a percepção dos profissionais acerca da orientação psicológica on-line, com foco na relação estabelecida com os clientes. Participaram da pesquisa quatro profissionais, homens e mulheres, com diferentes idades, práticas e tempo de atuação profissional. Para coleta dos dados foram utilizadas entrevistas on-line individuais semiestruturadas. Os participantes foram selecionados a partir de sites de atendimento on-line regulamentados pelo CFP. A análise dos dados foi feita através da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Em relação aos resultados, foi possível perceber que essa prática possui limites e potencialidades. Conclui-se que o vínculo estabelecido nessa relação é diferenciado, mas possibilita a realização dos objetivos do atendimento e o acolhimento do cliente. Os atendimentos pela internet constituem uma prática nova, que necessita ser estudada, a fim de gerar maior entendimento e esclarecimento na área, para profissionais e clientes...

Psychological online treatments are a recent practice which has been receiving growing attention from professionals and researchers. There are few studies on this subject in Brazil, and further investigation to better understand it is needed. Resolution 012/2005 of the Federal Council of Psychology regularizes the computer-mediated psychological services, among which online counseling is highlighted. Using a qualitative and exploratory design, the present study aimed to investigate the perception of professionals about online counseling, focusing on the relationship established with clients. Four professionals, men and women, of different ages, practices and time of professional exercise were interviewed. Semi-structured online individual interviews were used for data collection. Participants were chosen from regularized sites registered at the Federal Council of Psychology. Content analysis of Bardin was carried out for data analysis. Regarding the study results, it was possible to observe that this practice presents both limits and potentialities. We concluded that the bond established in this relationship is different from that observed in regular clinical practice, but it allows for achievement of treatment goals and fulfillment of clients' expectancies. Online treatments constitute a new practice which needs to be studied in order to generate greater understanding and enlightenment to the area, representing benefits for both professionals and clients...

Los tratamientos psicológicos por Internet son una práctica reciente, que ha sido objeto de una atención cada vez mayor por parte de profesionales e investigadores. Existen pocos estudios sobre este tema en Brasil, por lo tanto es necesario investigarlo y comprenderlo. Por Resolución 012/2005 del Consejo Federal de Psicología se regulan los servicios psicológicos mediados por ordenador, entre los que destaca el asesoramiento psicológico online. El presente estudio, de diseño cualitativo y exploratorio, tuvo como objetivo investigar las percepciones de los profesionales sobre el asesoramiento psicológico online, centrándose en la relación establecida con los clientes. Los participantes fueron cuatro profesionales, hombres y mujeres, de diferentes edades, prácticas y tiempo de actuación profesional. Para la recolección de datos, se usaron entrevistas individuales online, semi-estructuradas. Los participantes fueron seleccionados de entre sites de tratamiento online regulados por el Consejo Federal de Psicología. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante análisis de contenido de Bardin. En cuanto a los resultados, se reveló que esta práctica tiene límites y potencialidades. Se concluye que el vínculo que se establece en esta relación es diferente, pero permite la realización de los objetivos del tratamiento y la acogida del cliente. Los tratamientos por Internet son una nueva práctica, que debe ser estudiada con el fin de generar un mayor entendimiento y aclaración en el área de conocimiento, para profesionales y clientes...

Nuevos retos en el tratamiento del juego patológico / New challenges in the treatment of disordered gambling

En este artículo se señalan los avances y retos de futuro en el tratamiento del juego patológico. El objetivo terapéutico (abstinencia o juego moderado) es actualmente objeto de controversia. Los tratamientos para la ludopatía incluyen la terapia hospitalaria, los tratamientos cognitivo-conductuales individuales o grupales, Jugadores Anónimos y la farmacoterapia, así como la prevención de recaídas. La terapia cognitivo-conductual presenta unas tasas de éxito del 50 por ciento al 80 por ciento de los casos tratados en un seguimiento a largo plazo. La farmacoterapia es un complemento cuando los pacientes tienen un estado de ánimo deprimido o un elevado nivel de impulsividad. El juego controlado puede ser una alternativa terapéutica para los jugadores jóvenes o que no presentan aún una dependencia severa. Se requiere más información sobre el tratamiento del juego on-line y de poblaciones específicas (mujeres y jóvenes). Se comentan las implicaciones de esta revisión para la práctica clínica y para las investigaciones futuras.

This paper deals with the new developments in the treatment of disordered gambling, as well as with the challenges for further research. Abstinence versus moderated gambling is an issue that raises many concerns and that needs to be addressed. Current treatment for disordered gambling involves a number of different options, including inpatient treatments, individual and group cognitive-behavioral options, Gamblers Anonymous and pharmacotherapy, as well as an intervention in relapse prevention. Cognitive-behavioral therapy may have asuccess rate ranging from 50 percent to 80 percent of treated patients in a long-term follow-up. Psychopharmacological therapy may have incremental benefit when patients have comorbid depression or high impulsivity. Responsible gambling may be a therapeutic option for young gamblers or people without a severe dependence. Further information is required about treatment for online gambling addictions and for dealing with specific populations (women and young people). Unanswered questions for future research in this field are commented upon.

Shallow discussion the resistance problems in Chinese psychotherapy / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To discuss the resistance problems in Chinese psychotherapy.Methods The western psychology research literature was combined with the application of thought imprint psychotherapy under lower resistance(TIP) in Chinese psychotherapy clinical experience.Results The problems of resistance encountered in the process of psychological treatment were influenced by Chinese traditional culture,which were different from western psychology on causes,classification,performance and handling.Conclusion Respecting Chinese traditional culture,seizing the psychological characteristics of Chinese people and exerting the advantages of TCM psychology were keys of knowing the resistance problems in Chinese psychotherapy.

Thought imprint psychotherapy under lower resistance (TIP) techniques used during the hypnotics reduction procedure / 国际中医中药杂志

Many patients suffering from insomnia,especially chronic insomnia are treated by hypnotics.While taking hypnotics for long time will lead to drug dependence.How to fulfill gradual reduction of hypnotics has become one of the big problems doctor meet clinically.Drug dependence can be classified into two aspects.One is psychological,the other is pathological.Psychological treatment has advantage in the procedure of reducing drug.Thought imprint psychotherapy under lower resistance (TIP) which combines traditional Qigong,relaxation and cognitive-behavioral therapy of modern clinical psychology is a psychotherapy fit for Chinese.TIP techniques used during reduction procedure of hypnotics have been improved.

Depresión y ansiedad estado/rasgo en internosadscritos al Programa de Inducción al Tratamiento Penitenciario en Bucaramanga, Colombia / Depressão e ansiedade estado/traço em presos adscritos ao Programa de Indução para o Tratamento Penitenciário em Bucaramanga, Colômbia / Depression and anxiety, state/feature among inmates assigned to the “Induction to Treatment in Prison Program” in Bucaramanga, Colombia

El artículo describe las características de la depresión y la ansiedad estado/rasgo y su prevalencia en internos adscritos al “Programa de Inducción al Tratamiento Penitenciario” del Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y Carcelario –INPEC– en Bucaramanga, Colombia. La muestra comprendió 112 internos con un promedio de edad de 33 años, a quienes se les aplicó el Inventario de Depresión Estado Rasgo (IDER) y el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado Rasgo (STAI). Los resultados indican que un 43,1% realizó su primera transgresión a la norma entre los 8 y 18 años, y un 74,1% presentó consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, mientras los registros de manifestaciones depresivas revelan que el 16,7% la califi có como estado y un 43,68% como rasgo. Por su parte, la afectación ansiosa se mostró en un 8,03% como estado y en un 85,7% como rasgo.De acuerdo con esto, hubo mayor proporción de personas con experiencias previas que desarrollaron cuadros sintomatológicos, que aquellas en las que la situación de encarcelamiento constituye un causante o detonante.

This article describes the characteristic manifestations of the depression and anxiety state/feature, and their prevalence among inmates assigned to the “Programa de Inducción al Tratamiento Penitenciario” (Induction to the Treatment in Prison Program) of the INPEC, the National Penitentiary and Prison Institute at Bucaramanga, Colombia.The sample included 112 inmates with an average age of 33 years to whom the Depression State/Feature Inventory (known as IDER in Colombia) and the Anxiety State/Feature Inventory (known as STAI in Colombia) were applied. The results show that 43.1% of the inmates committed their first off ense between 8 and 18 years of age, and 74.1% had used psychoactive substances, while the records of depressive manifestations reveal that 16.7% rated them as a state, and 43.68% as a feature. On the other hand, in 8.03% of the cases, anxiety was shown as a state, and in 85.7% as a feature. According to this, the ratio of individuals with previous experiences having developed a symptomatology was higher than those where the imprisonment situation is a cause or a triggering factor.

O artigo descreve as características da depressão e a ansiedade estado/traço e sua prevalência em presos adscritos ao “Programa de Indução para o Tratamento Penitenciário” do Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y Carcelario -INPEC em Bucaramanga, Colômbia. A amostra incluiu 112 presos com idade média de 33 anos, que receberam o Inventário de Depressão Estado Rasgo (IDER) e o Inventário de Ansiedade Estado Rasgo (STAI). Os resultados indicam que 43,1% realizou sua primeira transgressão à norma entre 8 e 18 anos de idade, e um 74,1% apresentou consumo de substâncias psicoativas, enquanto os registros das manifestações depressivas revelam que 16,7% atribuíram como estado e 43,68% como rasgo. Por outro lado, a afetação ansiosa mostrou 8,03% como estado e 85,7% como rasgo. De acordo com isso, houve maior proporção de pessoas com experiências anteriores, que desenvolveram os quadros sintomatológicos, do que aqueles em que a situação de detenção constitui uma causa ou um detonante.

Motivos de consulta e hipótesis clínicas explicativas / Reasons for consultation and clinical explicative hypothesis

Los motivos de consulta implican la demanda que hacen los consultantes acerca de problemas que ellos perciben en su vida diaria; en este estudio se investigó sobre las características de estos y las hipótesis explicativas de 61 casos que fueron atendidos por terapeutas desde una perspectiva conductual, en una institución de servicios psicológicos. Los motivos de consulta más frecuentes se relacionaron con comportamientos agresivos (usualmente presentados en los hombres) y respuestas emocionales intensas (casi siempre reportadas por las mujeres). Además, se encontró que los descriptores usados por los consultantes fueron incluidos en las hipótesis explicativas elaboradas por los terapeutas. Se discute la relevancia del motivo de consulta como elemento guía del proceso terapéutico, la implicación de su asociación con las hipótesis explicativas y la importancia de desarrollar otros estudios que pongan en evidencia la relación entre estos y otras variables.

Reasons for consultation involve consultant's requests about problems they perceive into their lives. This study researched the characteristics of these reasons for consultation and the explicative hypothesis of 61 cases treated by therapists from a behavioral perspective, within an institution for psychological services. The most frequent reasons for consultation were related to aggressive behaviors (usually presented on men) and intense emotional responses (almost always reported by women). Moreover, we found that the descriptors used by consultants were included on the therapists' explicative hypothesis. We discuss the relevance of reasons for consultation to guide the entire psychotherapeutic process, the implication of its association to the explicative hypothesis and the relevance to carry out other studies that uncover the relation between them and other variables.

The challenge of posttraumatic stress disorder prevention: how to survive a disaster? / El desafío de la prevención en estrés postraumático: ¿cómo sobrevivir a un desastre?

Victims of natural disasters are subject to severe stress and disruption and may manifest a pattern of dissociative and anxiety/depression symptoms. The trauma may impair the person's quality of life and disrupt social and other functioning. If symptoms last beyond a month following the traumatic event, PTSD may ensue. These adverse effects do not always disappear with time. Acute stress management is focused on ensuring safety and providing support, including assessment of coping resources and support networks. An additional role of early intervention is to detect individuals who require more complex intervention. The issues addressed in therapy include the need to correct unrealistic expectations, to deal with guilt and phobic reactions as well as family and network reorganization. Cognitive-behavioral treatments, such as exposure techniques or cognitive restructuring approaches, have been shown to work. At times, work with the family members may be necessary too. Challenges for the future are discussed.

Las víctimas de una catástrofe pueden sufrir estrés y alteraciones en la vida cotidiana, así como mostrar síntomas ansioso-depresivos y disociativos. El suceso traumático puede dañar la calidad de vida de las víctimas e interferir negativamente en su funcionamiento cotidiano. Si los síntomas se mantienen, puede aparecer un TEPT. El manejo del estrés agudo se centra en proporcionar seguridad y apoyo, así como en evaluar las estrategias de afrontamiento y las redes de apoyo social y en detectar a las personas necesitadas de un tratamiento más complejo. Los puntos abordados en la terapia están referidos a corregir las expectativas no realistas, a hacer frente al miedo y a la culpa y a reorganizar la vida familiar y social. Los tratamientos cognitivo-conductuales, tales como la exposición y la reestructuración cognitiva, han mostrado ser eficaces. A veces hay que trabajar también con la familia. Se analizan los retos de futuro.

Effectiveness of different psychological treatment methods in the management of postpartum depression: a meta-analysis / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To systematic evaluate the effectiveness of different psychological treatment methods in the management of postpartum depression (PPD). Methods Relevant literature between 1968 and February 2009 was searched by computer and manual. And suitable randomized controlled trials were brought into this research according to the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. Then meta-analysis was used in four time periods including immediately post- treatment,6 months after treatment, 1 year after treatment and 5 years after treatment.Results A total of eight studies were brought into this research. Immediately post-treatment,it showed significant differences between intervention and control groups of CBT (P = 0.03 ), non-directive counseling(P = 0.0009), psychodynamic therapy (P = 0.005 ) and interpersonal psychotherapy (P = 0.002 ). Within 6 months after treatment, it showed significant differences between intervention and control groups of CBT(P = 0.006 )and peer support (P =0.03) ,but not in non-directive counseling. Within 1 year after treatment,it showed significant differences between intervention and control groups of CBT(P= 0.02 ), but not in non-directive counseling and psychodynamic therapy.Within 5 years after treatment, no significant differences in intervention and control groups of CBT, non-directive counseling and psychodynamic therapy. Conclusions A total of five psychological treatment methods are effective in the management of PPD. CBT has both good short-term and long-term effectiveness. Non-directive counseling and psychodynamic therapy only have a good short-term effectiveness, but a poor long-term effectiveness. Interpersonal psychotherapy and peer support have a good short-term effectiveness.